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# The Emissary in the Crosshairs: A Multi-Spectrum Analysis of the European Islamophobia Reports
- URL: https://otherwise.ghost.io/the-emissary-in-the-crosshairs-a/
- Published: 2025-12-04T14:36:09.000Z
- Updated: 2026-10-17T13:42:37.000Z
- Author: Khaled Salih
- Tags: Newsletter, #Migrated-1792244264359, #Import 2026-10-17 14:38

4 December 2025

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/d6/2c/d62cdd13-a476-41c5-8f2c-29270c99d95d/content/images/2026/10/0594f8a3-ecff-4f1a-8398-a15ed1639025_2500x2500-heic.jpg)

**Abstract**

This study is not a polite contribution to “Islamophobia studies”; it is an autopsy. Taking the vantage point of a fighter pilot rather than a desk-bound bureaucrat, I subject the *European Islamophobia Reports* to fourteen independent analytical strikes—from causal science and epistemology to cognitive warfare and evolutionary psychology. Each vector converges on the same contact on the radar: the *Emissary*, a decontextualised worldview that mistakes its moral map for the terrain, shreds reality into incident lists, and then reassembles the debris into a weapon aimed at Europe’s capacity to think. The *Reports* do not discover a crisis; they manufacture one, by collapsing crime, criticism, counter-terrorism and secular law into a single, endlessly elastic accusation: “Islamophobia = racism.”

The result is not scholarship but a campaign of psychological and political warfare. Under the *Emissary*’s guidance, ordinary democratic functions—debate, research, border security, the defence of liberal norms—are recast as symptoms of a diseased civilisation. The reader is bombarded with a “shock and awe” barrage of correlations masquerading as causes, invited to feel guilty for every act of self-preservation, and gently instructed that scrutiny itself is now a hate crime. Against such an enterprise, neutrality is complicity. The only honourable response is refusal: to reject the false choice between compassion and clarity, to insist that ideas—including the ones propagated by Muslims—remain open to criticism, and to state, without apology, that the freedom to question is not Europe’s sin but its last remaining virtue.

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/d6/2c/d62cdd13-a476-41c5-8f2c-29270c99d95d/content/images/2026/10/dd1babbb-9e2d-4969-8f03-9d61b7fbe744_1920x1080-heic.jpg)

**Target Acquired**

This introductory essay is a synthesis of findings from fourteen distinct analytical sorties conducted against a single, high-value target: the annual *European Islamophobia Reports* (EIRs). Adopting the uncompromising precision of a fighter pilot, my mission has been to move beyond the rhetorical decoys of humanitarian concern and lock onto the ideological machinery at the core of this project. The central culprit of this analysis, the primary contact on my radar, is **the Emissary**: a decontextualised, manipulative, and abstracting worldview that underpins the entire EIR enterprise. It is a mode of perception that, as I shall argue, mistakes its own map for the terrain, systematically fragments reality, and reassembles the pieces into a weapon of political coercion.

The use of fourteen different analytical frameworks—from cognitive warfare to causal science, from evolutionary psychology to epistemology—is not an exercise in academic variety. It is a multi-spectrum audit designed to prove a consistent and unavoidable conclusion. Regardless of the critical lens applied, the verdict remains the same: the EIRs are not a work of objective scholarship but a sophisticated and relentless project of ideological manipulation. Each sortie, flying in from a different vector, confirms the same radar signature. This is not an investigation into a social phenomenon; it is an information offensive designed to disable dissent, pathologise scrutiny, and induce a collapse of will in the societies it claims to diagnose. Consider this your briefing: the target has been acquired, and the time for polite deference is over.

**The Fourteen Sorties**

**The Pilot’s View**

From the cockpit of a stealth fighter, clarity is survival. Applying the decision-making principles of pilot Hasard Lee, the *European Islamophobia Reports* are immediately identifiable not as scholarship but as instruments of information warfare. Lee’s framework exposes a deliberate strategy to degrade an opponent’s cognitive capacity. The EIRs begin with an “**unchecked diagnosis**,” framing their foundational claim—that “Islamophobia” is a “normalised racism” that is “deeply entrenched in European societies, institutions, and states”—not as a hypothesis to be tested but as an established fact. This preempts any rigorous investigation.

They proceed to create a “**simplified battlespace”** by constructing a monolithic, uniformly hostile “Europe” on one side and a monolithic, uniformly victimised “Muslim community” on the other, erasing all internal complexity. The reports then engage in “**parallel warfare**,” overwhelming the reader with a “shock and awe” barrage of undifferentiated data—long chronologies of incidents ranging from violent attacks to political statements—making nuanced analysis impossible. Finally, they treat each minor incident as a system-killing “**golden bb**,” a single bullet capable of bringing down an entire aircraft. A piece of graffiti is not an isolated crime but a fatal diagnostic for the health of an entire nation-state. This is not a debrief aimed at mutual improvement, but a targeting package that deliberately ignores the crucial question of causation.

**The *Why* Scandal**

The science of causal inference, as articulated by computer scientist and philosopher Judea Pearl in his *Ladder of Causation*, provides the instruments to detect the EIRs’ most profound methodological failure. Pearl’s framework shows that the reports operate almost exclusively on **Rung One: Association.** They are vast catalogues of correlation, meticulously documenting incidents that occur alongside a Muslim presence in Europe, but they systematically fail to establish *why* these incidents occur. This is not a limitation; it is a methodologically flawed approach that consistently conflates association with causation.

The reports build their case by strategically neutralising confounding variables—alternative causes that would disrupt their preferred narrative. Legitimate state concerns over **political Islam** or constitutional commitments to **secularism** are not treated as potential causes for government policy. Instead, they are dismissed as smokescreens for bigotry. This allows the authors to draw a direct and unsupported causal arrow from a monolithic **European society** to any negative outcome. By refusing to climb the ladder to ask rigorous “what if” questions, the reports commit a cardinal scientific sin:

> They do not seek the cause of a problem but begin with a preferred culprit, an intellectual manoeuvre so flawed it functions not as a tool for understanding, but as an *anti-rational meme* designed to disable it.

**The Bad Explanation**

Applying the epistemological toolkit of physicist David Deutsch, the concept of “Islamophobia” as used in the EIRs is revealed to be a classic *Bad explanation.* Deutsch argues a *Good Explanation* is **hard-to-vary**; its details are constrained by reality. A *Bad Explanation* is **easy-to-vary**; it is a loose, flexible label that can be stretched to cover almost any phenomenon.

> “Islamophobia” is the archetypal *Bad Explanation*, collapsing fundamentally different problems—from criminal assault to legislative debate—into one monolithic phenomenon, thereby obstructing any real understanding.

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/d6/2c/d62cdd13-a476-41c5-8f2c-29270c99d95d/content/images/2026/10/f29ce99e-6e7e-45be-ac0e-8a67251f87b1_1920x1080-heic.jpg)

This *Bad Explanation* is powered by a fundamental **category error**: the equation of “Islamophobia” with racism. This conflates a set of criticisable ideas (memes) with an unchangeable genetic heritage (genes). This error is not a mistake but a function. It transforms the concept into an **anti-rational meme**—an idea that replicates not by being true, but by disabling the critical faculties of its host culture. Such a project, designed to bypass rational thought, requires a culture of institutional mindlessness to succeed.

**The Stupidity Paradox**

Organisational scholars Mats Alvesson and André Spicer define *Functional Stupidity* as a cultivated lack of critical reflection that allows institutions to achieve narrow objectives by persuading intelligent people not to use their full cognitive capacities. Through this lens, the EIR project is unmasked as a **masterfully executed project in institutional stupidity management** designed to systematically dismantle rational discourse.

The entire project employs several key mechanisms. It establishes its core premise—“Islamophobia is racism”—as a **thought-terminating cliché**, a non-negotiable starting point that frightens individuals away from substantive inquiry. Its methodology relies on **mindless script-following**, where country reporters collect and catalogue “incidents” without deep contextual analysis or differentiation. This process cultivates a network of ***Fachidioten*** (professional idiots): specialists who are expert at fitting data to a pre-defined script but are “clueless beyond their very narrow domain.” This cultivated stupidity produces an intellectual monoculture, the perfect expression of an elite worldview that sees itself as anointed to solve the world’s problems without trade-offs.

**The Unconstrained Vision**

Analysed through the frameworks of economist and political philosopher Thomas Sowell, the EIRs are a perfect expression of the *Unconstrained Vision* **.** This is the worldview that sees human nature as perfectible and social problems as having definitive solutions, achievable through the articulated reason of an enlightened few, without difficult trade-offs. The authors of the EIRs, embodying Sowell’s *Vision of the Anointed*, frame “Islamophobia” not as a complex friction to be managed, but as a clear **evil** to be **eradicated** through top-down policy.

This vision manifests in two key ways. First, the reports provide **alibis** for favoured groups by attributing all negative outcomes—from unemployment to social friction—to a single external cause: **the bigotry of European societies**. This systematically removes Muslim agency and internal complexity from the equation. Second, the reports’ policy recommendations engage in the **chess pieces fallacy**, assuming that ordinary people can be arranged by enlightened planners to achieve a desired social outcome. The call for programmes in Belgium to “promote the social and economic integration of Muslims” exemplifies this, disregarding the complex values and reactions of the societies they propose to re-engineer. This pursuit of *Cosmic Justice* reveals a desire not for dialogue, but for a conclusive victory in a game of their own design.

**The Finite Game**

Philosopher James P. Carse distinguishes between finite games, which are played for the purpose of winning, and infinite games, which are played for the purpose of continuing the play. The *European Islamophobia Reports* are a masterclass in the construction of a *Finite Fame*. Rather than fostering the open, unpredictable, and infinite game of cultural dialogue, the reports establish a bounded contest with clear players, fixed rules, and a pre-determined outcome.

The reports engage in **theatricality** by casting actors into predictable roles: far-right parties as **aggressors**, Muslim populations as **victims**. The most powerful move in this game is the assignment of a **title**. By branding opponents like Boris Johnson in the UK or Saïda Keller-Messahli in Austria with the title of **Islamophobe**, the reports designate the **loser** and seek to push them into what Carse calls the “silence of obedience.” The relentless focus on legislative and punitive solutions reveals a desire to “eliminate its drama by making a preferred end inevitable.” The goal is not a more robust conversation, but the termination of the contest on the authors’ own terms—a contest that is built from a world of pure abstraction.

**The Emissary’s World**

Psychiatrist and cognitive neuroscientist Iain McGilchrist’s model of the divided brain provides the source code for the *Emissary* itself. He posits two ways of attending to the world: the right hemisphere (the *Master*) sees reality holistically, in context; the left hemisphere (the *Emissary*) is its brilliant but subordinate servant, which breaks the world into abstract, decontextualised parts for manipulation. The EIRs are a powerful expression of the *Emissary*’s usurped worldview.

This is manifested through the **tyranny of the category**, which flattens unequal things—a terrorist plot, a political debate, a newspaper article—into the single monolithic label of “Islamophobia.” It operates through the **power of the decontextualised list**, presenting a fragmented reality through endless chronologies of negative incidents, stripped of the connective tissue of daily life. The cumulative effect, year after year, is the creation of a **self-referential hall of mirrors**—a closed, virtual world where the *Emissary*’s abstract map has become so detailed and internally consistent that it has completely blocked out the real-world terrain, functioning not as a map but as a targeting package for a **psychological warhead**.

**The Warhead Effect**

From the perspective of cognitive warfare analyst Nicholas Wright, the EIR project functions as a **narrative weapon** or **targeting package** for a psychological offensive. Its primary objective is not to inform but to induce a **collapse of will** in European societies. The reports systematically construct a monolithic *Model* of **a hostile, racist Europe**. This model is engineered to trigger profound **prediction errors** in the reader—particularly a Western policy audience that holds a default model of Europe as tolerant and liberal—forcing them to abandon their prior beliefs and adopt the EIRs’ crisis narrative.

The ultimate goal is to paralyse the target. By pathologising core state functions—such as security, counter-terrorism, and the defence of secularism—the reports aim to constrict the **decision tree** of available policy choices. Any robust defensive action is pre-emptively framed as proof of bigotry, making inaction or acquiescence the path of least resistance. The report is a psychological warhead aimed at the West’s confidence in its own right to think, leveraging a **primal story** to blind its target.

**Primal Intelligence**

Applying neuroscientist-turned-literary scholar Angus Fletcher’s framework of *Primal Intelligence*, the EIRs are revealed as a masterfully constructed story that leverages our innate cognitive tools. The reports initiate their narrative by using **Intuition** to focus on the **exception**—a singular hate incident. They then use **Imagination** to grow the story, employing **tip of the iceberg** rhetoric to transform this exception into a systemic truth. The narrative’s momentum is maintained by **Emotion**, eliciting feelings of grief and shame to signal that **The world is bad** and requires urgent change.

Finally, the reports sabotage **Common-sense**—our ability to navigate uncertainty—by **eliminating unknowns**. They present “Islamophobia” as a singular, all-encompassing explanation for a vast range of complex issues, from counter-terrorism to secularism debates. By providing a single cause for a multitude of effects, the narrative removes ambiguity and forecloses alternative explanations. This powerful story risks creating a **conceptual blindfold**, simplifying the world into a moral drama that is the classic hallmark of a **political manipulator**.

**The Political Manipulator**

Through the critical framework of psychiatrist and neuroscientist Vera Hart, the EIRs are unmasked as a **sophisticated work of political manipulation**. The project’s success lies in its ability to equate **appearance with essence**. It systematically conflates the appearance of legitimate state security (e.g., counter-terrorism policy) with the essence of phobic hatred, thereby generating a powerful chilling effect on necessary democratic debate.

The reports demonstrate a **hunger for control** by constructing a relentless and overwhelming grievance catalogue. This vast list of incidents, ranging from heinous violence to political rhetoric, creates a monolithic narrative of victimhood that positions the report’s authors as the sole defenders of a persecuted community. Most cynically, the reports employ a manipulative **terror attack – Islamophobia sequence**, which inverts the moral hierarchy of cause and effect. This rhetorical strategy recasts the initial act of terror as a mere catalyst and frames the subsequent societal reaction—heightened security or public anxiety—as the primary pathology, a move of calculated aggression disguised as virtue.

**The Goodness Paradox**

Primatologist and biological anthropologist Richard Wrangham distinguishes between **hot** reactive aggression and **cold**, planned proactive aggression. The EIR project is a textbook example of **coalitionary proactive aggression**. The reports are not an emotional, reactive outcry but a calculated, long-term campaign executed by a coordinated coalition of authors and institutions.

This coalition uses planned, **cold** tactics to achieve its political goals. It constructs a monolithic victim, erasing the agency and diversity of Muslim populations to create a unified political identity built on shared grievance. It caricatures European society as a fundamentally hostile aggressor, reframing democratic processes as malicious attacks. Most significantly, it engages in the **symbolic execution** of its ideological opponents. Mirroring Wrangham’s **execution hypothesis**, where coalitions conspired to eliminate threatening individuals, the EIR coalition publicly names, shames, and condemns politicians, intellectuals, and journalists as “**Islamophobes,”** seeking to destroy their reputations and cast them out of acceptable discourse, a tactic that functions like a memetic virus designed to hack human nature.

**The Alien’s Indictment**

Adopting the detached perspective of evolutionary psychologist Steve Stewart-Williams’s conceptual *Alien Scientist*, the EIRs can be analysed as a highly effective **memeplex**—a cluster of ideas designed to replicate by exploiting evolved human psychology. The project’s success lies in its deployment of three core memes.

The first is the **Pathology Meme,** which frames disagreement as a phobia, shutting down rational critique by recasting it as a moral or mental failing. The second is the **Monolithic Victim Meme,** which forges a simplified in-group identity by erasing the vast diversity within Muslim populations to create a unified bloc receptive to a narrative of shared persecution. The third is the **Systemic Guilt Meme,** which assigns all agency for conflict to the European out-group, creating a simple, emotionally resonant explanation for complex social problems. From the alien’s perspective, the authors are not objective reporters but highly effective **meme warriors,** engaged in a project that uses our evolved conscience as a direct hack on our ancestral brain.

**The Brain Hack**

Synthesising the insights from evolutionary psychology, as detailed by David Buss, the *European Islamophobia Reports* function as a sophisticated **brain-hack** that systematically weaponises our ancestral instincts. The project deploys five core strategies that are brutally effective because they bypass our rational faculties and target the faster, more powerful emotional systems forged in our deep past.

1. **Forging a Pan-European Super-Tribe.** The reports construct a narrative of a single “Muslim community” under collective threat from “white supremacist ideology,” activating our powerful instincts for in-group solidarity and mutual defence.
2. **Delineating a Threatening Out-Group.** They meticulously catalogue a list of enemies—from political parties like **VOX** in Spain and **Vlaams Belang** in Belgium to specific journalists and governments—thereby sharpening the **us-versus-them** psychology that is foundational to coalitional conflict.
3. **Triggering Protective Instincts via Strategic Victimisation.** They consistently focus on attacks against the most vulnerable, such as the “verbal attacks... addressed to women wearing the hijab in Zagreb,” hijacking our evolved altruistic mechanisms to generate intense sympathy and moral outrage.
4. **Cultivating a Hostile Informational Ecology.** They create an “informational avalanche” of negative incidents, from violent attacks to graffiti like “**MUSLIME RAUS”** (Muslims out), overwhelming our threat-detection systems and fostering a state of constant vigilance.
5. **Waging Reputational Warfare.** They engage in a modern form of punitive shunning by publicly shaming opponents, such as **B**oris Johnson for his “letter boxes” comment, imposing significant reputational costs to discourage dissent.

This is not a project of persuasion but of psychological conscription, turning our own evolved virtues into vulnerabilities.

**The Islamophobia Infection**

Taking off again, I wire the conceptual instruments of evolutionary psychologist Gad Saad’s *The Parasitic Mind* into the cockpit, identifying the Emissary not just as a manipulative cartographer but as a **carrier of idea pathogens**. The EIRs are unmasked as a textbook outbreak of anti-reason doctrines, achieving a political objective by systematically **killing common sense**. This project thrives on manufacturing a **Homeostasis of Victimology**, cultivating a self-sustaining identity of grievance where the emotional state of the victim becomes the ultimate arbiter of reality. This is achieved by curating a relentless catalogue of negative incidents—from violent assaults to mosque closures—a methodological choice that bypasses cognitive analysis and aims purely for an affective response in the reader. This manipulation is intensified by weaponising the focus on the visibly Muslim woman (e.g., the ban on the *abaya* in France), tapping into universal protective instincts to steer the reader towards an emotional, rather than evidence-based, conclusion. This structural failure reflects *Ostrich Parasitic Syndrome*(OPS), a cognitive refusal to recognise complex realities. The EIR authors consistently externalise all causality, attributing “Islamophobia” exclusively to endemic faults within European states (e.g., far-right parties, media bias, government policies), thereby engaging in **faux-causality** that pre-emptively dismisses all counter-arguments (like secularism or security rationales) as mere masks for bigotry. The ultimate condemnation of the EIRs resides in their profound **epistemological failure**: their systematic refusal to build a *Nomological Network of Cumulative Evidence*. By relying only on curated media reports and anecdotes, and by avoiding crucial control data (e.g., comparing anti-Muslim crime rates to anti-Semitic or intra-Muslim violence, or isolating religion as a variable in socio-economic outcomes), the reports operate as a vehicle of **motivated reasoning** designed solely to confirm a predetermined hypothesis of systemic European guilt. The prescription of solutions like “targeted interventions” aligned with *Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity* (DIE) further confirms their ideological role as agents of social engineering. The EIRs are not scientific inquiry; they are delivery systems for a self-sustaining epistemological disease designed to enforce ideological conformity.

**A Unified Verdict from Fourteen Vectors**

From fourteen distinct vectors of attack, the verdict is unanimous. Whether analysed through the lens of a fighter pilot, a causal scientist, an epistemologist, a cognitive warfare analyst, or an evolutionary psychologist, the *European Islamophobia Reports* are consistently revealed to be something other than what they claim. They are not a neutral audit of prejudice but a masterfully engineered instrument of political and psychological warfare.

The project’s core strategy is an act of lethal inversion: it rebrands the essential functions of a democratic society—critical inquiry, security analysis, secular lawmaking, and free debate—as manifestations of racial hatred. It operates by systematically decontextualising reality, flattening complexity, and constructing a simplistic moral drama of victims and persecutors. This narrative is not designed to foster understanding but to terminate dialogue, not to solve problems but to assign blame. It is a finite game to be won, a memeplex to be replicated, a warhead to be detonated in the conscience of a continent.

The *Emissary* on the radar is not a herald of justice but an agent of intellectual paralysis. His mission is to persuade free societies to feel guilty for their own survival instincts, to trade clarity for conformity, and to accept a narrative in which scrutiny itself is a thought-crime. In the face of this sustained psychological offensive, the only honourable response is refusal: to refuse the intimidation, to reject the false binaries, and to insist that the freedom to question is not a privilege to be granted, but a birthright that no report, however sanctimoniously written, will ever take away. The air will not be theirs alone.

**References:**

**EIRs**

Enes Bayraklı & Farid Hafez (Eds), 2018, *European Islamophobia Report 2017*. Istanbul: SETA. SETA (Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research). Quoted as EIR 2017.

— (Eds), 2019, *European Islamophobia Report 2018*. Istanbul: SETA. SETA (Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research). Quoted as EIR 2018.

— (Eds), 2020, E*uropean Islamophobia Report 2019*. Istanbul: SETA. SETA. Quoted as EIR 2019.

—, 2021, *European Islamophobia Report 2020*. Vienna: Leopold Weiss Institute. Leopold Weiss Institute. Quoted as EIR 2020.

—, 2022, *European Islamophobia Report 2021*. Vienna: Leopold Weiss Institute. Leopold Weiss Institute. Quoted as EIR 2021.

—, 2023, *European Islamophobia Report 2022*. Vienna: Leopold Weiss Institute. Leopold Weiss Institute. Quoted as EIR 2022.

—, 2024, *European Islamophobia Report 2023*. Vienna: Leopold Weiss Institute. Leopold Weiss Institute. Quoted as EIR 2023.

**Sources**

Mats Alvesson & André Spicer, 2016, *The stupidity paradox: The power and pitfalls of functional stupidity at work*. London: PROFILE BOOKS LTD.

David M. Buss, 2019, *Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind*. New York: Routledge.

James P. Carse, 1986, *Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life as Play and Possibility*. New York, NY: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan, Inc..

David Deutsch, 1997, *The Fabric of Reality: Towards a Theory of Everything.* London: Allen Lane.

—, 2011, *The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World*. New York, New York: VIKING (Published by the Penguin Group).

Angus Fletcher, 2025, *Primal Intelligence: You Are Smarter Than You Know*. New York: Avery.

Vera Hart, 20250907, “The Illusion of Humanity: Why We Struggle to See Predators for What They Are.” Toxicity in The Culture (Substack). [https://substack.com/home/post/p-171773396](https://substack.com/home/post/p-171773396?ref=otherwise.ghost.io)

Hasard Lee, 2023, *The Art of Clear Thinking: A Stealth Fighter Pilot’s Timeless Rules for Making Tough Decisions*. New York: St. Martin’s Press, an imprint of St. Martin’s Publishing Group.

Iain McGilchrist, 2019, *The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World.* New Expanded Edition. New Haven and London: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

—, 2021, *The Matter With Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions and the Unmaking of the World*. London: Perspectiva Press.

Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie, 2018, T*he Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect*. New York: Basic Books.

Gad Saad, 2021, *The Parasitic Mind: How Infectious Ideas Are Killing Common Sense*. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, A Division of Salem Media Group.

Thomas Sowell, 1995, *The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy.* New York: BasicBooks.

—, 1999, *The Quest for Cosmic Justice*. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS A Division of Simon & Schuster Inc..

—, 2007, *A conflict of visions: ideological origins of political struggles*. New York, NY: Basic Books.

—, 2023, *Social Justice Fallacies*. New York, NY: Basic Books, an imprint of Hachette Book Group, Inc..

Steve Stewart-Williams, 2018, *The Ape that Understood the Universe: How the Mind and Culture Evolve*. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mark Vellend, 2025, *Everything Evolves: Why Evolution Explains More Than We Think, From Proteins to Politics*. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Richard Wrangham, 2019, *The goodness paradox: The strange relationship between virtue and violence in human evolution*. New York: Pantheon Books.

Nicholas D. Wright, 2025, *Warhead: How the Brain Shapes War and War Shapes the Brain*. New York: St. Martin’s Press.